Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem (al-Quds), Palestine / Israel (disputed sovereignty)

The earliest surviving major Islamic monument, built over the rock from which the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is believed to have ascended during the Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj).

Historical Context

Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan commissioned the structure in 685 CE, completing it in 691 CE. The building's inscriptions include the earliest surviving Quranic text on a public monument, emphasizing Tawhid (divine oneness) and the prophetic status of Jesus and Muhammad.